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Herpes is a general term for a family of infections characterized by sores or eruptions on the skin. Herpes infections range from mildly uncomfortable to extremely serious. One subcategory, herpes simplex, is caused by a virus. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes the cold sores and fever blisters that most of us have been afflicted with at one time or another. Although figures are difficult to come by, it is believed that four out of five adult Americans have herpes simplex type 1 (also called orofacial herpes) and that one out of six has genital herpes.
Genital herpes, a highly contagious sexually transmitted infection – for which no cure is currently available – is characterized by recurring cycles of painful blisters on the genitalia.
Genital herpes is an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two types of HSV, and both can cause genital herpes. However, historically, the herpes simplex type 2 virus was considered the primary culprit in genital herpes, and the herpes simplex virus type 1 was thought to affect the area of the lips and other body areas. We now know that both HSV type 1 and HSV type 2 can infect any area of the body, producing lesions (sores) in and around the vaginal area, on the penis, around the anal opening, and on the buttocks or thighs. Occasionally, sores appear on other parts of other parts of the body. HSV remains in certain nerve cells for life and can flare up, or cause symptoms, when the body’s ability to maintain itself is weakened.
Once herpes invades, the victim will experience the prodomal (precursor) phase of the infection, characterized by a burning sensation and redness at the site of infection. This is often the time period when prescription medicines will work in keeping the disease from spreading. However, this phase of the disease is quickly followed by the second phase, in which a blister filled with a clear fluid containing the virus is present. If you pick at this blister or otherwise touch the site and spread this clear fluid with fingers, lipstick, lip balm, or other products, you may be autoinoculating other body parts. Particularly dangerous is the possibility of spreading the infection to the eyes in this manner, for a herpes lesion on the eye may cause blindness.
Over a period of days, the unsightly blister will crust over, dry up and disappear, and the virus will travel to the base of an affected nerve supplying the area and become dormant. Only when the victim becomes overly stressed, when diet is inadequate and sleep is inadequate, when the immune system is overworked, or when excessive exposure to sunlight or other stressors occurs will the virus become reactivated (at the same site every time) and begin the blistering cycle all over again. These sores cast off (shed) viruses that can be highly infectious. It is important to note that sometimes, however, a person can have an outbreak and have no visible sores at all. People often get genital herpes by having sexual contact with others who don’t know they are infected or who are having outbreaks of herpes without any sores. A person with genital herpes can also infect a sexual partner during oral sex. The virus is spread, only rarely, if at all, by touching objects such as a toilet seat or hot tub seat. In fact, if you are seated on a toilet seat properly, the only contact with your genitals should be air, and thus, the likelihood of contact exposure would be exceedingly rare!
Genital herpes is especially serious in pregnant women because of the danger of infecting the baby as it passes through the vagina during birth. For this reason, many physicians recommend cesarean deliveries for infected women. Additionally, women who have a history of genital herpes also appear to have a greater risk of developing cervical cancer.
The many myths and misconceptions surrounding this infection have greatly contributed to the stigma associated with it. Herpes is not only embarrassing, painful, and ugly, but it may also cause social ostracism based on a misunderstanding of the infection.
First, herpes is not a form of plague. It is a communicable infection for which no cure presently exists, but it is not transmissible all of the time. In fact, the only time that sexual partners should refrain from contact is when active lesions are present. At other times, the risk of infection appears to be quite small, although viral shedding is possible.
Second, it is often just as necessary to treat the psychological problems of the herpes victim as it is to treat the physical symptoms. People with this infection often experience fear, frustration, depression, and a feeling that they have been dealt a “dirty blow” by someone. Counseling and support groups for herpes victims and their intimate partners have proved very effective.
Finally, although there is no cure for herpes at present, certain drugs have shown some success in reducing symptoms. Unfortunately, they seem to work only if the infection is confirmed during the first few hours after contact. As you may guess, this is rather rare. The effectiveness of other treatments, such as L-lysine, is largely unsubstantiated to date. Although lip balms and cold-sore medications may provide temporary anesthetic relief, it is useful to remember that rubbing anything on a herpes blister may spread herpes-laden fluids to other tissues or, via the hands, to other body parts.
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A person experiencing anxiety symptoms should say to himself: ‘I’m feeling anxious. This means my nervous system is telling me it can’t cope with the work I’m giving it to do. I have to ask myself two questions to do with the input side of the anxiety equation, and three questions to do with the processing side.’
1. Am I asking my nervous system to do too much? Am I overloading myself with tasks?
2. Is what I am asking my nervous system to do, too difficult for it?
3. Have I had enough sleep? If I am lacking in sleep, my brain will not be functioning efficiently.
4. What is the state of my nutrition, in particular, my blood glucose level? The brain uses only glucose as fuel. If my blood glucose is too low, my brain will not be functioning properly.
5. Am I suffering from an abnormal physiological state? Such as:
• Alcohol or drug withdrawal,
• Excessive amount of stimulants, e.g. coffee, tea.
• Am I sick?
The person experiencing anxiety symptoms, who stops, thinks and asks himself these five questions will, in all probability, be able to decide what the problem is.
For example: ‘Am I trying to do too much? No, this is my usual work load. Is what I am asking my nervous system to do too difficult for it? No, just the usual. Have I had enough sleep? Come to think of it, I only had five hours sleep last night after getting home late from the party. And I didn’t have breakfast either. In fact I forgot to have lunch, and it’s 3 o’clock in the afternoon. I think I’d better take half an hour off and go and have some lunch. My blood sugar is probably too low.’
When it comes to asking about abnormal physiological states, it is quite possible that the person experiencing anxiety will not be able to answer this question fully. After all, if a person is ill the diagnosis may need to be made by a doctor.

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The feeling of unease or dread which we experience as part of the anxiety alarm reaction, is actually a feeling image of danger. The unconscious mind provides an image of what danger feels like. We are all more or less aware of how the unconscious mind operates in images, because we experience some of the image logic of the unconscious mind in our dreams. The feeling of anxiety is like an image provided by the unconscious mind, of what being in danger would feel like, if one were in danger. It is equivalent to the feeling of guilt as a feeling image of what punishment would feel like, if the person were being condemned by others.

The physical symptoms of anxiety
As well as experiencing a feeling of dread in the alarm reaction known as anxiety, we experience as well, various body feelings due to the actions of adrenaline and noradrenalin, released by the sympathetic nervous system. These messenger substances prepare the body for possible physical action, in case there is a necessity to fight or run away.
Thus the design of the anxiety alarm system includes the double function of warning, and preparing for the possibility of danger. The body’s systems are designed to regard the possible threat as a danger that one could run away from, or defend oneself physically, against. However, preparation for physical action may be quite inappropriate. It is a fact that most of the dangers we face in our lives now, are not things we can physically sprint from, or punch our way out of. Preparation for ‘fight or flight’ is of no practical use to us if the threats we face are things like the possibility of being sued, or being financially ruined by a stock market crash.
Preparation for fight or flight in those circumstances just makes us physically uncomfortable. On the other hand, the discovery that we are sharing a paddock with a savage bull would be a danger in which our preparation for rapid physical flight would be highly appropriate and useful.
As you might imagine, preparing the body for possible urgent physical action involves a number of changes to the functional state of a number of different systems of the body. To remember what all these changes are and the symptoms we might expect from them, all we need to do is picture what changes in the body are required to prepare us to run away as fast as possible, or hold ourselves ready to fight, tense and vigilant.
• The state of tension of the muscle fibres increases, making them contract more efficiently and quickly.
• Blood supply is re-directed to decrease blood flow to skin, internal digestive organs and kidneys, and increase blood flow to brain, heart, and muscles.
• The pulse rate increases, pushing nutrients faster around the body, providing more oxygen, and carrying away more carbon dioxide. The rate of breathing increases.
• The nervous system’s automatic reflexes are sharpened; the person becomes vigilant and able to react faster to stimuli.
• Glycogen in the liver breaks down into glucose, increasing the available nutrient supply to heart, brain, and muscle.
The symptoms of anxiety therefore, include feelings of muscle tension and fatigue, particularly in the chest muscles, neck and back. In order to fight one needs to stand stiffly up, bracing oneself for attack. Muscle stiffness as a result of being in a continual state of preparation, can cause soreness, spasm, and pain in back, neck, and chest muscles. Increased tension of agonist and antagonist muscle groups causes tremor, or shakes, seen most easily in the hands.
This tense state of muscular preparedness feels very uncomfortable unless the tension is put to some use. Physical exercise, by giving the prepared muscles some work to do, can alleviate some of the physical discomfort.
The sharpening of nervous system reflexes, with the increased vigilance, tends to interfere with the person’s ability to sleep. Stimulation of the heart by the sympathetic nervous system may produce an awareness of rapid heart rate, flutters and palpitations. The changes in blood supply and motility of the internal digestive organs can produce unpleasant feelings in the abdomen, and variable effects on bladder and bowel function.

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In the 1970s, doctors controlled only 50 percent of their epilepsy cases. Today the Epilepsy Foundation of America puts the number as high as 85 percent, thanks to new diagnostic techniques, drugs, and surgery that removes part of the brain. The modern war against epilepsy has begun.
“Our drug treatment today is far better than in the past,” says Dr. Rowan. “Our problem is that many patients fail to get a good diagnosis or they get the wrong dose of a drug or the wrong drug entirely. It’s sad, because we now can control nearly every case of epilepsy.”
Epilepsy is a Greek word meaning “to seize.” In ancient days, people with epilepsy were thought to have divine visitations. But by medieval times, victims were said to be possessed by Satan. Doctors could do nothing, although by 150 A.D. Galen, a Greek physician, knew that the brain was involved in this illness. Napoleon, Julius Caesar, Socrates, Tchaikovsky – all had epileptic seizures, and all went untreated.
Simply put, the electrical storm in the brain occurs because some or all of the brain is damaged or because of a genetic predisposition to the disorder. A blow to the head, some toxic substances, lack of oxygen during birth – all can injure brain cells. So can infections, tumors, strokes, or other circulation problems.
Epilepsy is not a mental disease or an emotional or behavioral problem. But because the seizures can be so debilitating, patients do suffer with emotional and behavioral problems. Long ago, psychiatrists believed it caused criminal or violent behavior. Science has since shown that persons with epilepsy have the same kinds of psychological problems (or lack of them) as persons with other chronic physical diseases. And those with epilepsy are no more or less criminal.
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АЛЛЕРГИЧЕСКИЕ КОНЪЮНКТИВИТЫ
Аллергические конъюнктивиты обычно имеют хроническое течение и бывают большей частью двусторонние.
Заболевание протекает в виде ремиссий (ослабления заболевания) и обострений. При обострении заболевания ведущим симптомом является зуд, в период ремиссий больные жалуются на ощущение инородного тела, покалывание в глазах, дискомфорт при зрительной работе. Аллергия может быть вызвана внешними факторами, т. е. носить экзогенный характер (действие пыльцы растений, злаковых трав, например, тимофеевки, мятлика, овсянницы, пуха, шерсти, пыли, медикаментозная пищевая аллергия), и эндогенными, т. е. внутренними факторами (инфекционные, гельминтозные аллергии, весенний конъюнктивит).

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Some babies are born with a dislocation, or lack of fit, between the top of the thigh bone (which is shaped like a ball) and the socket in the hip bone. This occurs in approximately 1 in 700 births, and is more common in girls by a ratio of 4:1. Usually only one hip is affected, but both hips are involved in 25% of cases.

Cause

There is no one cause of congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH). Genetic factors seem to play a part, as it is more common in girls than in boys, and especially in daughters of mothers who themselves had CDH as babies. The posture of the baby in the womb also seems important, so that it is more common in breech presentations (where the baby is born legs first instead of the usual head first).

Clinical features

Often there are no easily detectable signs of CDH in infancy. Sometimes the skin creases in the thighs are asymmetrical. Parents may notice when changing the nappy that one thigh is restricted in its movement, and cannot be laid all the way back on the table. Later, an abnormal position of the leg on the affected side may be noticed, and the leg itself may be shorter than the other due to dislocation. There may be a delay in walking, or the child may walk with a limp or with the pelvis tilted to one side.

During the doctor’s examination of a newborn baby, both hips are carefully checked for any signs of dislocation. Several tests are performed specifically to detect CDH or an unstable hip. On examination of your baby’s hip a faint click may be heard (‘clicky hips’), which may be due only to stretched ligaments and simply requires monitoring. If this click is accompanied by an abnormal movement of the hip, the diagnosis of congenital hip dislocation is likely.

Investigation

A very careful physical examination of both hips should be done in the first few-days of life, and repeated at 6 weeks of age. In experienced hands, this should detect most cases of CDH. Sometimes an X-ray of the hip may be helpful, and ultrasound is being increasingly used.

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